Problem
A closed cylindrical vessel 3 m. in diameter and 6 m high is filled with water to a height of 4.5 m. The rest is filled with air, the pressure of which is 105 kPa. If the vessel is rotated at 191 rpm about its axis, determine the maximum and minimum inside pressure at the base.
 

When at rest, the surface of mass of liquid is horizontal at PQ as shown in the figure. When this mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical axis at constant angular velocity ω radian per second, it will assume the surface ABC which is parabolic. Every particle is subjected to centripetal force or centrifugal force CF = mω²x which produces centripetal acceleration towards the center of rotation. Other forces that acts are gravity force W = mg and normal force N.
 

Horizontal Motion
If a mass of fluid moves horizontally along a straight line at constant acceleration a, the liquid surface assume an angle θ with the horizontal, see figure below.
 

Any floating body is subjected by two opposing vertical forces. One is the body's weight W which is downward, and the other is the buoyant force BF which is upward. The weight is acting at the center of gravity G and the buoyant force is acting at the center of buoyancy BO. W and BF are always equal and if these forces are collinear, the body will be in upright position as shown below.
 

The circumferential stress, also known as tangential stress, in a tank or pipe can be determined by applying the concept of fluid pressure against curved surfaces. The wall of a tank or pipe carrying fluid under pressure is subjected to tensile forces across its longitudinal and transverse sections.
 

Dams are structures whose purpose is to raise the water level on the upstream side of river, stream, or other waterway. The rising water will cause hydrostatic force which will tend the dam to slide horizontally and overturn about its downstream edge or toe. The raised water level on the upstream edge or heel will also cause the water to seep under the dam. The pressure due to this seepage is commonly called hydrostatic uplift and will reduce the stability of the dam against sliding and against overturning.
 

Problem 01
A piece of wood 305 mm (1 ft) square and 3 m (10 ft) long, weighing 6288.46 N/m³ (40 lb/ft³), is submerged vertically in a body of water, its upper end being flush with the water surface. What vertical force is required to hold it in position?
 

         

Archimedes Principle

Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)

Any body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
 

Where
$BF$ = buoyant force
$\gamma$ = unit weight of fluid
$V_D$ = volume of fluid displaced by the body
 

Situation
The figure below shows a vertical circular gate in a 3-m diameter tunnel with water on one side and air on the other side.
 

1. Find the horizontal reaction at the hinge.
   A.   412 kN
   B.   408 kN
   C.   410 kN
   D.   414 kN
2. How far from the invert of the tunnel is the hydrostatic force acting on the gate?
   A.   1.45 m
   B.   1.43 m
   C.   1.47 m
   D.   1.41 m
3. Where will the hinge support be located (measured from the invert) to hold the gate in position?
   A.   1.42 m
   B.   1.46 m
   C.   1.44 m
   D.   1.40 m

Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
For horizontal plane surface submerged in liquid, or plane surface inside a gas chamber, or any plane surface under the action of uniform hydrostatic pressure, the total hydrostatic force is given by
 

where p is the uniform pressure and A is the area.
 

In general, the total hydrostatic pressure on any plane surface is equal to the product of the area of the surface and the unit pressure at its center of gravity.
 

where p_cg is the pressure at the center of gravity. For homogeneous free liquid at rest, the equation can be expressed in terms of unit weight γ of the liquid.
 

where   $\bar{h}$   is the depth of liquid above the centroid of the submerged area.