Problem 8
In Figure 4-04, with 35 L/s of sea water (sp gr 1.03) flowing from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 100 kPa and at 2 is -15 kPa. Point 2 is 6 m higher than point 1. Compute the lost energy in kPa between 1 and 2.
Problem 7
Compute the velocity head of the jet in Figure 4-03 if D1 = 75 mm, D2 = 25 mm, the pressure head at 1 is 30 m of the liquid flowing, and the lost head between points 1 and 2 is 5 percent of the velocity head at point 2.
Problem 6
As shown in Figure 4-03, the smaller pipe is cut off a short distance past the reducer so that the jet springs free into the air. Compute the pressure at 1 if Q = 5 cfs of water. D1 = 12 inches and D2 = 4 inches. Assume that the jet has the diameter D2, that the pressure in the jet is atmospheric and that the loss of head from point 1 to point 2 is 5 ft of water.
Problem 5
With 30 L/s of water flowing in Figure 4-02, what pressure must be maintained at 1 if the pressure at 2 is to be 70 kPa and the loss of head between 1 and 2 is 5 percent of the difference in pressure head at 1 and 2.
Problem 4
In Figure 4-02, with 15 L/s of water flowing from 1 to 2 the pressure at 1 is 100 kPa and at 2 is 70 kPa. Compute the loss of head between 1 and 2.
Problem 3
A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. See Figure 4-02. Points 1 and 2 are at the same elevation, the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The discharge Q is 30 liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy lost from 1 to 2 is equivalent to 20 kPa.
Problem 2
From Figure 4-01, the following head losses are known: From (1) to (2), 0 m; from (2) to (3), 0.60 m; from (3) to (4), 2.1 m; from (4) to (5), 0.3 m. Make a table showing elevation head, velocity head, pressure head, and total head at each of the five points. How high above the center of the pipe will water stands in the piezometer tubes (3) and (4)?
Problem 1
The water surface shown in Figure 4-01 is 6 m above the datum. The pipe is 150 mm in diameter and the total loss of head between point (1) in the water surface and point (5) in the jet is 3 m. Determine the velocity of flow in the pipe and the discharge Q.
Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are measured in Newton-meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two commonly recognized forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.
Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. The kinetic energy of a mass M having a velocity v is ½Mv2. Since M = W/g,
$\text{Velocity head} = \dfrac{K.E.}{W} = \dfrac{v^2}{2g}$
Elevation Energy and Elevation Head
In connection to the action of gravity, elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.
$\text{Elevation head} = \dfrac{\text{Elevation energy}}{W} = z$
Pressure Energy and Pressure Head
A mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having some form of energy. Pressure energy therefore is an energy transmitted to the fluid by another mass that possesses some energy.
$\text{Pressure head} = \dfrac{\text{Pressure energy}}{W} = \dfrac{p}{W}$
Problem
The diameter of a 6-m length pipe decreases uniformly from 450 mm to 150 mm. With a flow of 0.15 m3/sec of oil, compute the mean velocity at cross section 1 m apart. Plot the velocity as ordinate against length as abscissa.
Graph of velocity of flow versus length of pipe (plotted in MS Excel)
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