Surveying and Transportation Engineering

Fundamentals of Surveying
Tape Measurements
Leveling
Angles and Directions
Transits and Theodolites
Traverse
Highway Curves
Topographic Surveys
Control Surveys
Construction Surveys
Hydrographic Surveys
Land Surveys
Photogrammetry
 

Stadia Measurement
$D = \dfrac{f}{i}s \cos \theta + (f + c)$
 

Subtense Bar
$D = \cot (\frac{1}{2}\theta)$
 

Tape Measurement
$TD = MD \pm Error$
 

Reduction to sea level
$\Delta D = D\left( \dfrac{h^2}{R^2} - \dfrac{h}{R} \right)$
 

Effect of curvature and refraction
$h_{cr} = 0.0675K^2$