03 - Heaviest cylinder that can be made from a shot

A shot is in the form of a sphere and the cylinder is the cylinder of maximum. From the figure )This is also the figure used in Solution 02:

$V_c = \frac{1}{4}\pi d^2h$

Where:
$d = D \cos \theta$

$h = D \sin \theta$
 

Thus,
$V_c = \frac{1}{4}\pi (D\cos \theta)^2(\sin \theta)$

$V_c = \frac{1}{4}D^3\pi \cos^2 \theta \sin \theta$

$\dfrac{dV_c}{d\theta} = \frac{1}{4}D^3\pi [ \, \cos^2 \theta (\cos \theta) + \sin \theta (-2\cos \theta \sin \theta) \, ]$

$\dfrac{dV_c}{d\theta} = \frac{1}{4}D^3\pi (\cos^3 \theta - 2\sin^2 \theta \cos \theta) = 0$

$2\sin^2 \theta \cos \theta = \cos^3 \theta$

$2\sin^2 \theta = \cos^2 \theta$

$\dfrac{\sin^2 \theta}{\cos^2 \theta} = \dfrac{1}{2}$

$\tan^2 \theta = \frac{1}{2}$

$\tan \theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$
 

$\cos \theta = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}$

$\sin \theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$
 

$V_c = \frac{1}{4}D^3\pi \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2 \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)$

$V_c = \frac{1}{6\sqrt{3}}\pi D^3$   →   Maximum volume of cylinder
 

Volume of shot (sphere):
$V_s = \frac{4}{3}\pi R^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (D/2)^3$

$V_s = \frac{1}{6}\pi D^3$
 

Weight is proportional to the volume, so
$\dfrac{W_c}{V_c} = \dfrac{W_s}{V_s}$

$W_c = \dfrac{W_s}{V_s} \, \times \, V_c$

$W_c = \dfrac{16}{\frac{1}{6}\pi D^3} \, \times \, \frac{1}{6\sqrt{3}}\pi D^3$

$W_c = 9.24 \, \text{ lb}$           answer