Part (A): r = a(1 - cos θ)
A=2×12∫π0[a(1−cosθ)]2dθ
A=a2∫π0(1−cosθ)2dθ
A=a2∫π0(1−2cosθ+cos2θ)dθ
A=a2∫π0[1−2cosθ+12(1+cos2θ)]dθ
A=a2∫π0(32−2cosθ+cos2θ2)dθ
A=a2[3θ2−2sinθ+sin2θ4]π0
A=a2[(3π2−2sinπ+sin2π4)−(0−2sin0+sin04)]
A=a2[(3π2−0+0)−(0−0+0)]
A=32πa2 answer
Part (B): r = a(1 + cos θ)
A=2×12∫π0[a(1+cosθ)]2dθ
A=a2∫π0(1+cosθ)2dθ
A=a2∫π0(1+2cosθ+cos2θ)dθ
A=a2∫π0[1+2cosθ+12(1+cos2θ)]dθ
A=a2∫π0(32+2cosθ+cos2θ2)dθ
A=a2[3θ2+2sinθ+sin2θ4]π0
A=a2[(3π2+2sinπ+sin2π4)−(0−2sin0+sin04)]
A=a2[(3π2+0+0)−(0+0+0)]
A=32πa2 answer
Part (C): r = a(1 - sin θ)
A=2×12∫π/2−π/2[a(1−sinθ)]2dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(1−sinθ)2dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(1−2sinθ+sin2θ)dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2[1−2sinθ+12(1−cos2θ)]dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(32−2sinθ−cos2θ2)dθ
A=a2[3θ2+2cosθ−sin2θ4]π/2−π/2
A=a2[(3π4+2cos(π/2)−sinπ4)−(−3π4+2cos(−π/2)+sin(−π)4)]
A=a2[(3π4+0−0)−(−3π4+0−0)]
A=32πa2 answer
Part (D): r = a(1 + sin θ)
A=2×12∫π/2−π/2[a(1+sinθ)]2dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(1+sinθ)2dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(1+2sinθ+sin2θ)dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2[1+2sinθ+12(1−cos2θ)]dθ
A=a2∫π/2−π/2(32+2sinθ−cos2θ2)dθ
A=a2[3θ2−2cosθ−sin2θ4]π/2−π/2
A=a2[(3π4−2cos(π/2)−sinπ4)−(−3π4−2cos(−π/2)+sin(−π)4)]
A=a2[(3π4−0−0)−(−3π4−0−0)]
A=32πa2 answer