## 04 Area of the Inner Loop of the Limacon r = a(1 + 2 cos θ)

Example 4
Find the area of the inner loop of the limacon r = a(1 + 2 cos θ).

## 03 Area inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) but outside the circle r = a

Example 3
Find the area inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) but outside the circle r = a.

## 03 Area Enclosed by Cardioids: r = a(1 + sin θ); r = a(1 - sin θ), r = a(1 + cos θ), r = a(1 - cos θ)

Problem
Find the area individually enclosed by the following Cardioids:
(A)   $r = a(1 - \cos \theta)$
(B)   $r = a(1 + \cos \theta)$
(C)   $r = a(1 - \sin \theta)$
(D)   $r = a(1 + \sin \theta)$

## 02 Area Bounded by the Lemniscate of Bernoulli r^2 = a^2 cos 2θ

Example 2
Find the area bounded by the lemniscate of Bernoulli r2 = a2 cos 2θ.

## Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates

There are two methods for finding the area bounded by curves in rectangular coordinates. These are...

1. by using a horizontal element (called strip) of area, and
2. by using a vertical strip of area.

The strip is in the form of a rectangle with area equal to length × width, with width equal to the differential element. To find the total area enclosed by specified curves, it is necessary to sum up a series of rectangles defined by the strip.