Unit Weights and Densities of Soil

Symbols and Notations
γ, γm = Unit weight, bulk unit weight, moist unit weight
γd = Dry unit weight
γsat = Saturated unit weight
γb, γ' = Buoyant unit weight or effective unit weight
γs = Unit weight of solids
γw = Unit weight of water (equal to 9810 N/m3)
W = Total weight of soil
Ws = Weight of solid particles
Ww = Weight of water
V = Volume of soil
Vs = Volume of solid particles
Vv = Volume of voids
Vw = Volume of water
S = Degree of saturation
w = Water content or moisture content
G = Specific gravity of solid particles
 

Length of Arc in XY-Plane | Applications of Integration

The length of arc in rectangular coordinates is given by the following formulas:

$\displaystyle s = \int_{x_1}^{x_2} \sqrt{1 + \left( \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right)^2} \, dx$   and   $\displaystyle s = \int_{y_1}^{y_2} \sqrt{1 + \left(\dfrac{dx}{dy} \right)^2} \, dy$

 

length-of-arc-xy-plane.jpg

 

See the derivations here: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/length-arc-xy-plane…