The Polar Coordinate System
In Polar Coordinate System, the references are a fixed point and a fixed line. The fixed point is called the pole and the fixed line is called the polar axis. The location of a point is expressed according to its distance from the pole and its angle from the polar axis. The distance is denoted by r and the angle by θ.
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Length of Arc in XY-Plane | Applications of Integration
The length of arc in rectangular coordinates is given by the following formulas:
$\displaystyle s = \int_{x_1}^{x_2} \sqrt{1 + \left( \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right)^2} \, dx$ and $\displaystyle s = \int_{y_1}^{y_2} \sqrt{1 + \left(\dfrac{dx}{dy} \right)^2} \, dy$
See the derivations here: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/length-arc-xy-plane…
Rate of change of surface area of sphere
Problem
Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at the rate of 2 cm3/min. Find the rate at which the surface area is decreasing, in cm2/min, when the radius is 8 cm..
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