Power

Problem 20
The 600-mm pipe shown in Figure 4-11 conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which discharges through another 600-mm pipe into tailrace B. The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is 700 L/s, what power is being given up by the water to the turbine and what are the pressure heads at 1 and 2?
 

Problem 19
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown in Figure 4-10. The loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 100-mm pipe. Compute the horsepower output of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 when the discharge is: (a) 12 L/s; (b) 36 L/s.
 

Problem 15
A pump (Figure 4-07) takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge pipe in which the velocity is 2.5 m/s. At A in the suction pipe, the pressure is -40 kPa. At B in the discharge pipe, which is 2.5 m above A, the pressure is 410 kPa. What horsepower would have to be applied by the pump if there were no frictional losses?
 

Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work are measured in Newton-meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two commonly recognized forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.
 

Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. The kinetic energy of a mass M having a velocity v is ½Mv². Since M = W/g,

Elevation Energy and Elevation Head
In connection to the action of gravity, elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.

Pressure Energy and Pressure Head
A mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having some form of energy. Pressure energy therefore is an energy transmitted to the fluid by another mass that possesses some energy.

Laws of Exponents (Index Law)
1. $x^n = x \cdot x \cdot x ... \, (n \text{ factors})$

2. $x^m \cdot x^n = x^{m + n}$

3. $(x^m)^n = x^{mn}$

4. $(xyz)^n = x^n \, y^n \, z^n$

5. $\dfrac{x^m}{x^n} = x^{m - n}$

6. $\left( \dfrac{x}{y} \right)^n = \dfrac{x^n}{y^n}$

7. $x^{-n} = \dfrac{1}{x^n}$   and   $\dfrac{1}{x^{-n}} = x^n$

8. $x^0 = 1$,   provided   $x \ne 0$.

9. $(x^m)^{1/n} = (x^{1/n})^m = x^{m/n}$

10. $x^{m/n} = \sqrt[n]{x^m}$

11. If   $x^m = x^n$,   then   $m = n$   provided   $x \ne 0$.